Essay on Coal A Human History by Barbara Freese - 1709 Words

Coal: A Human History was written by Barbara Freese to focus on the history of coal and how mankind has used it as part of their lifestyle. Ever since the times when early nomads used the slash-and-burn method, coal has been around acting as jewelry for the Romans and as fuel for peasants and the noble class in Britain. Coal was in such high demand that many inventions were utilized for the convenience of retrieving it from intolerable conditions such as vacuums and the construction of more efficient underground tunnels. The book gives insight of how this small stone has been so vital to humans that they were able to adapt to the ways coal best functions. Freese wrote this non-fiction book to inform how coal has affected humans socially,†¦show more content†¦The use of expensive jewelry soon lost its value due to mass quantities of coal was discovered. The use of it as diamonds gave some wealth at first for the Romans the jewels were no longer made after 150 years. The term â€Å"jet-black† comes from the jewels which were named jet. While the many uses of coal led to various attempts for improvement, there was only one true use for coal that proved to be worthy and beneficial. The use of coal which is most common today started in the 700’s CE and it is the use of coal as an energy source. Though not officially used as a heat source until the 1100’s CE, many methods of burning it for protective smoke were used. While the use of coal for heat was cheaper than wood, the side effects of it shortly began to show. As the mass used of coal came to be, the price of it rose sharply as up to  ½ of lower class family wages were used only for the minimal amount of coal needed to survive harsh cold months. London also grew dependent on coal and many signs were showing just why this statement was true. The coal smoke smudged the city and thick black clouds could be seen from miles away surrounding London. These plus other negative effects of coal explains how the misuse of coal led to more negative occurrences than positive and beneficial use it gave. The immediate danger of coal was not the pollutants it let out but the process of which coal was mined. After the topShow MoreRelatedCoal: a Human History1727 Words   |  7 PagesCoal: A Human History was written by Barbara Freese to focus on the history of coal and how mankind has used it as part of their lifestyle. Ever since the times when early nomads used the slash-and-burn method, coal has been around acting as jewelry for the Romans and as fuel for peasants and the noble class in Britain. Coal was in such high demand that many inventions were utilized for the convenience of retrieving it from intolerable conditions such as vacuums and the construction of more efficientRead MoreClimate And The Global Climate Justice Movement3592 Words   |  15 Pagesthe United States Climate change has been called â€Å"the biggest problem of the 21st century† by many scientists and government officials alike. Many classes at the university level cover some aspect of this complex and multifaceted problem. From the human rights that are at risk due to rising sea levels and food shortages to the environmental, geographical, and intergenerational inequities resulting from increasing greenhouse gas emissions; climate change is a serious and complex issue with little agreement

Classical Tradition And The Classical Era - 1139 Words

The classical tradition in the medieval times has an articulate work of art should stand by itself without the need of interpretation. As one literally scholar would state, the classical era states that interpretation is ambiguous, and â€Å"does not always prevail†. Yet, now in our society, art’s interpretation can be one or all: a parody, an abstract, a pastiche, or non-art. Pain and suffering constituted things with which for him to identify. His own family had made a grueling transition from the war and turmoil ravaged areas of Prussia (now Czech) Although many of his works have become instantly recognizeable, famous in their own right, the distinct themes of the classical tradition’s work have no direct meaning. The classical†¦show more content†¦As Gericault referenced a tragic, contemporary event in ‘The Raft of Medusa’ from 1819, The classical tradition referenced events at the very time they occurred (see â€Å"127 Die in Jet†, â€Å"Tunafish Disaster†) . For him, the borderline between simulated time and actual time was blurry and often nonexistent. Whether events, people and things were ‘real’ or not became debatable However flip and casual his observations may have been, their credence (in this light) cannot be denied. The act of parody had very nearly become his denouemont, an all too-shocking reality, as well as History. As such, The classical tradition had left his mark for the ages. The term, under this tradition became the rise of the Avant-Garde is seen widely used in the field of visual art and literature. The term derives from the military term, advanced guard or vanguard and it reflects this movement’s role in art history as well. By nature, this movement was meant to be controversial- desiring to challenge the traditional art and the society as a whole. In the realm of the arts world, works of the Avant-Garde carried characteristics which represented pushing of the boundaries of what is accepted as the norm as well as tearing down the status quo. Began in 1850 in France, this movement led many artists to initiate works that are experimental, innovative and unconventional. The three essential features of an

World War Ii And Adolf Hitler Free Essays

Adolf Hitler was born on April 20, 1889 in the small town of Braunau Am Inn in Austria. His parents were Customs official, Klara and Alois Hitler. He became a German politician and went on to be the head of the National Socialist German Workers Party or better known as the Nazi Party. We will write a custom essay sample on World War Ii And Adolf Hitler or any similar topic only for you Order Now From 1933 to 1945 he held the position as Chancellor of Germany and ruled the country in a dictatorship manner. He was a known veteran of the First World War and he joined the pioneer of the Nazi Party (DAP) in 1919 and went on to become leader of the NSDAP by the year 1921. In 1923, Hitler led a failed coup in Munich known as the Beer Hall Putsch. He was imprisoned because of such attempt and it was that time that he wrote his book. He acquired support from his writing as he promoted anti-Semitism, German nationalism, anti-communism, and anti-capitalism with compelling rhetoric and propaganda. In 1933, he became chancellor and transformed Germany into a single-party dictatorship founded on the despotic as well as tyrannical principles of National Socialism. Hitler’s actions and policies led to the declaration of France and United Kingdom of war against the country. This led to the outbreak of the Second World War in Europe. Because of the Nazi Regime of Hitler and his genocidal policy, about 11 million people were killed and more than 6 million Jews were annihilated throughout the Holocaust. For three years Germany together with the Axis powers had conquered most of Northern Africa, East as well as Southeast Asia, and Europe with Hitler being a major key player. Hitler and his mistress got married as the days of war came to an end and they both committed suicide. World War I era During the 16th Bavarian Reserve Regiment, Adolf Hitler served Belgium and France. He became a Gefreiter by the end of the war (a private first class in terms of the American armies and a lance corporal in British terms). He was frequently exposed to the adversary’s fire as he served as a runner on the Western Front. He was a participant of some of the most important battles of the West including the First Battle of Ypres, Battle of Arras, Battle of the Somme, as well as the Battle of Passchendaele.[1] In October 1914, the Battle of Ypress took place which was known in Germany as the Massacre of the Innocents having about 40,000 killed in a span of 20 days and even the infantry division that Hitler belonged to lost about 200 men by December that year. This incident made Hitler become withdrawn and detached as the war continued. Adolf Hitler was recognized for the bravery he had shown during the years of war. In 1914, he got the Iron Cross, Second Class, recognition, and 4 years later the Iron Cross, First Class. These are honors not often given to someone of his rank (Gefreiter).   Early years in power Adolf Hitler’s power and glory began in September 1919 when he became a member of DAP or Deutsche Arbeiterpartei which later on became more popularly known as the Nazi party. The party was an anti-Marxist and was formed throughout the aftermath of the World War I period. His rose to power began in the initial years of the Nazi party from 1919-1923 due to his substantial skills in promotion, organization, and public speaking.[2] Germany was consistently aggressive during the World War I for more than four years (1914-1918). After the First World War, Hitler went back to Munich. For the period of 1918-1919 he was on a steady but comparatively insignificant assignment but he was in due course enlisted by the Army’s Political Department. His great skills in public speaking and his open and intense anti-Semitism impressed an army officer and gave him a promotion making him an education officer. This gave him more opportunities to give public speeches which greatly contributed to his acquisition of power. In one meeting, Hitler again used his tremendous skills in oratory impressing Anton Drexler, the DAP (Deutsche Arbeiterpartei) founder. He gave Hitler a political pamphlet and later on invited him to be a member of their party. Hitler attended the committee meeting that was part of the invitation. His initial thoughts were that the party was too disorganized and mixed-up. Their membership process was messed up and this led Hitler to a consideration that he could be of great influence to the party as it was not totally established. Two days after that particular meeting, he decided to become a member of DAP, making him the 55th member. Adolf Hitler was named to be the leader of propaganda by 1920 because of his talents that were recognized by the heads of the party.[3] On February 20, the party became known as Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei or NSDAP and Hitler began to transform it. By July 28, 1921, Hitler became in full control of the party ousting Drexler. Hitler’s aggression was brought to the party. They disrupted meetings of their â€Å"opponents†, caused chaos disturbance, causing the imprisonment of Hitler for some months. Hitler also began to form two organizations between 1922 and 1923. These are Jungstum and Jugendubnd, two unions that are bound to have great importance. Because of Hitler’s continuous rebellion, Hitler was convicted and imprisoned for five years. In prison, he began to contemplate about a lot of things particularly his political tactics. It was during this time that he was able to write his first book entitled Mein Kampf or My Struggle.[4] Adolf Hitler was released on December 20, 1924 from prison and assured that he would continue to get hold of political power but this time only by lawful and constitutional ways or means. The Nazi Party during the May 1928 German elections only gained an overall vote of 2.63% of 810,127 votes.[5] Because of these results, Adolf Hitler was determined to spread the goals of their party to the German people. He felt that the Germans weren’t fully aware of their party’s objectives and aims. Hitler wrote his second book in order to lay out the word of the Nazi party. By the end of that year, the Nazi party has about 130,000 members and the following year, the Nazi party had a representative to the Presidential elections by the name of Erich Ludendorff. Ludendorff got 1.1% of the total votes or 280,000 total votes.[6] He was the lone aspirant to gain fewer than a million votes. The street fights grew extremely brutal and violent. After the Rotfront (Communist party) interrupted Hitler’s speech the SA (Storm battalion or division) went into the streets and executed two spectators. The SA on August 25, 1928, crashed a Rotfront gathering, as the tension between the two groups continued to heat up. The battle between the two went on for the following years resulting to more political violence and deaths. The Nazi party had never been a power player in Germany’s election as they were only the 9th smallest party before the Great Depression hit the country in 1930. The new Chancellor then, Heinrich Brà ¼ning, coming from the Roman Catholic Centre Party, slowly but surely lost the majority in the parliament, thus the Brà ¼ning administration needed to use the president’s emergency decrees. A premature election in September 1930 paved the way for the Nazi party to garner 18% of the vote equivalent to 108 seats in the parliament, making them second to the largest party in the chamber.[7] Hitler meant to run as president in the scheduled elections against President Pal Von Hindenburg, only with one problem. Hitler was Austrian born and still had not acquired German citizenship, not until the 25th of February as the interior minister of the Brunswick appointed Hitler as administrator for the state’s delegation making him a citizen of Brunswick. Their effort was not enough to win, but it showed that Hitler is a possible choice in German politics. The president, after heavy thinking, reluctantly appointed Hitler Chancellor of the coalition government materialized by both NSDAP and DNVP. Still with the appointment of Papen as Vice-Chancellor and other conservative cabinet, the Nazis are contained to their framework. Hitler stopped any attempts by his adversaries to form a majority body in the parliament. Hitler planned to dissolve Reichstag once again and there was a scheduled election for March, but February 27, 1933 came, and the Reichstag building was set ablaze.[8] A Dutch independent communist was the victim to this incident and the government reacted by suspending basic rights, habeas corpus included, to blame the fire to communists. The Nazis maximized their opportunity as campaigns continued, using anti-communist propaganda paramilitary violence. The NSDAP garnered 43.9% of the votes during Election Day, March 6, to remain the largest party in the nation. But still without having absolute majority, their victory was blemished, as they need to maintain a coalition with the DNVP.[9] Hitler eagerly met with the newly-elected Reichstag with an act that would give the cabinet (and of course Hitler himself) legislative powers for a period of four years. The Enabling Act would allow deviation from the constitution but only after winning 2/3 majority in the Reichstag. Thus, the government needed some help of other parties for the votes. The Centre Party would prove to be the deciding element as they carried the Enabling Act. In return, the government guaranteed the Church’s liberty and the existence of the Party, through oral assurances. With this in motion, the Enabling Act was agreed upon by every party except the Social Democrats on March 23rd, and in combination with the Reichstag Fire Decree legally transformed Hitler’s government as dictatorship. Now having both legislative and executive power, Hitler finished off the opposition. The Social Democratic Party, SDP, was marked off illegal and other parties were forced into dissolving. After only less than 4 months, July the 14th, the Nazi Party was declared the â€Å"only legal party† in Germany. All notable opposition to Hitler was one by one murdered. And with the death of the President Pal von Hindenburg, Hitler’s cabinet, capitalizing on the moment, passed a law transferring the role and power of the President to Hitler. Although with major inconsistencies with the constitution, and technicality that barred Hitler for making any actions with regards to the Presidency, no one dared to object. With the Presidency finally on his hands, Hitler was now the most powerful man in Germany. Being the Head of State, Hitler became the Supreme commander of the Armed Forces, and instead of the soldiers and sailors doing the traditional loyalty oath, it turned to an oath of personal loyalty to Hitler.[10] Hitler then forced his War Minister Werner von Blomberg after evidences that his new wife had a criminal past; this was prior to removing several positions in the Armed Forces. But to the surprise by many, Hitler, announced that he will be assuming the command of the Armed Forces, taking over Blomberg’s old post – being the Commander – in – chief of the Armed Forces, giving Hitler the ultimate power in Germany. How to cite World War Ii And Adolf Hitler, Essays

Global Memories of Environmental Injustice

Question: Discuss about the Global Memories of Environmental Injustice. Answer: Introduction Many countries have depended on oil production as the source of revenue for their economy. These states have gone lengths to acquire the oil production or to get the assurance of the free flow of oil. Some states have even gone to the extent of being willing to engage in war just to be able to defend their oil production regions. They have had conflicts over the areas that are believed to be able to produce oil. The trend is likely to continue in the future, unless more economic resources are discovered. This essay illustrates the problems associated with the dependence of oil on the environment, pollution, disruption of wildlife and explains solutions to overcome problems. Nigeria is one country that depends on oil production for its revenue and has suffered the consequences associated with the production. Oil production and distribution in Nigeria has been faced with a lot of issues that are all affecting the environment and the lives of the people. From the output stage, there have been spills that have been resting on the waters affecting the ecological life of the water essentuaries. The fish and other sea creatures have been most affected the effect has been transferred to the communities living around the areas. These communities have been fishing, and most of them may have been using the water for domestic purposes. The oil spill in the water killed the fish and left no fish for the communities. The water was also contaminated, and there was no way the city could continue using the water (International, 2009). The transportation of oil has also been faced with problems where there have been leakages in the pipes transporting the oil. The leakages have been polluting the environment and also affecting the people around these areas. Thieves have as well been engaged in stealing th e pipes used for transporting the oil leaving the oil flowing on the ground (Ikein, Alamieyeseigha Azaiki, 2008). The possible solution for the problem at the production site is that the companies could engage in developing measures to be able to monitor the production site to ensure that there will be no spillages. Also, there should be measures put in place to cub the oil spillage in case there is any to avoid it being severe as the one experienced at the Delta Gulf in Nigeria. In the distribution, the pipelines should be developed in such a way that no one could easily find ways of stealing it. There should also be digital measures put in place to detect if there are any leakages and they be attended to immediately (Mwalimu, 2009). Pollution The production of oil has been associated with contamination of the environment. The production industry has been releasing gasses to the atmosphere and causing damages to the air and also increasing global warming issues. The air that is released to the environment is entailed of the chemicals used in the production process that has later affected the people living in these areas since they breathe in these gasses plus the chemical particles and molecules in them. The oil leakages from the pipes have also caused pollution to the environment; oil has chemicals in it that reduces the fertility of the soil. The areas that experience oil spillage have been affected as the ground would not turn out to be productive after the leakages. In the production site, the factory uses many processes that lead to the last production of the oil. In the process, there are waste products that are released to the environment causing pollution. These are elements that are not the oil but the other chemi cals that are used in the production process (International, 2015). The solution to the pollution is that the government should be able to set rules and regulations that will see how the factory releases the gasses to the environment. The gasses should be sieved before being released to the environment to ensure that the harmful chemicals are not being let out to the air. Also, the oil transportation pipes should be monitored at all times to ensure that the leakages are controlled the time they are detected or that no leakages are witnessed at all. The waste products from the factory should be monitored and be directed to a safe site where they will have no harm to the environment. There could also be measures put in place to see whether the wastes could be recycled and put to use again (Goodall, Rosier Washington, 2006). Disruption of wildlife The biological differences are known to be incredibly technical and can fall victim to significant ecological impacts at any time they are affected by the activities of human beings. There are increased vehicle traffic at the drilling sites, and it highly contributes to the noise pollution and the wild lands. Wild animals and birds are known to respond to the disturbances that are caused by the traffic with short-term avoidance behaviour. However, most studies have shown that the behaviours always become habituated. The negative impacts always include the disruption of the communication of the songbird while they are in their breeding and nesting seasons and they also experience altered dynamics. The antelopes are the unfortunate example of the animals affected by the development of the oil and gas that has changed their migration routes. There has also been fencing done around the drilling areas, and that affect the migration routes of the mammals. The fencing is somehow in the mids t of the parks, and they change the ecological lifestyle of the animals (International, 2008). To be able to regulate this issue, it will need the help of the governments and other necessary authorities. There should be consultations among the responsible authorities to be able to get the most appropriate solution to the problem. The vehicles to the drilling sites should be set where they will not be affecting the migration routes of the mammals (AL-AMIN, 2010). The noise pollution should also be controlled. Authorities should be sure to find ways that the factory could monitor the noise and there could be silence gadgets put in place to regulate the noise that will be coming from the drilling sites. Also, before setting up the site for drilling, the authorities should ensure that the site will not be interfering with the habitat of the animals. It should be where no animals are residing or at least where few animals are living there (Abiri, Emiri Deinduomo, 2009). Conclusion Some states have even gone to the extent of being willing to engage in war just to be able to defend their oil production regions. The oil production and distribution in Nigeria has been faced with a lot of issues that are all affecting the environment and the lives of the people. The production of oil has been associated with contamination of the environment. The production industry has been releasing gasses to the atmosphere and causing damages to the air and also increasing global warming issues. The biological differences are known to be incredibly technical and can fall victim to significant ecological impacts at any time they are affected by the activities of human beings. Companies could engage in developing measures to be able to monitor the production site to ensure that there will be no spillages. The government should be able to set rules and regulations that will see how the factory releases the gasses to the environment. There should be consultations among the responsibl e authorities to be able to get the most appropriate solution to the problem References Abiri, K., Emiri, F., Deinduomo, G. (2009).Law and petroleum industry in Nigeria: Current challenges : essays in honour of Justice Kate Abiri. Lagos: Malthouse Press. AL-AMIN, M. O. H. A. M. M. E. D. (2010).Oil Pollution in Nigeria: The Case of Kaduna Refinery and Petrochemical Complex. Saarbru?cken: VDM Verlag Dr. Mu?ller. Goodall, H., Rosier, P. C., Washington, S. H. (2006).Echoes from the poisoned well: Global memories of environmental injustice. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books. International, B. P. U. (2009).Doing business and investing in nigeria guide. Place of publication not identified: Intl Business Pubns Usa. https://books.google.co.ke/books?id=8QRQL_rVVEUCprintsec=frontcoverdq=Doing+business+and+investing+in+nigeria+guide.hl=ensa=Xredir_esc=y#v=onepageq=Doing%20business%20and%20investing%20in%20nigeria%20guide.f=false International, B. P. U. (2008).Nigeria oil and gas exploration laws and regulation handbook. Place of publication not identified: Intl Business Pubns Usa. https://books.google.co.ke/books?id=YceyDAAAQBAJpg=PA310dq=Nigeria+investment+and+business+guide:+Strategic+and+practical+information.hl=ensa=Xredir_esc=y#v=onepageq=Nigeria%20investment%20and%20business%20guide%3A%20Strategic%20and%20practical%20information.f=false International, B. P. U. (2015).Nigeria investment and business guide: Strategic and practical information. Place of publication not identified: Intl Business Pubns Usa. https://books.google.co.ke/books?id=NEA6CgAAQBAJpg=PA277dq=Nigeria+investment+and+business+guide:+Strategic+and+practical+information.hl=ensa=Xredir_esc=y#v=onepageq=Nigeria%20investment%20and%20business%20guide%3A%20Strategic%20and%20practical%20information.f=false Ikein, A. A., Alamieyeseigha, D. S. P., Azaiki, S. S. (2008).Oil, democracy, and the promise of true federalism in Nigeria. Lanham, Md: University Press of America. https://books.google.co.ke/books?id=qzL0-nBbMCQCprintsec=frontcoverdq=Oil,+democracy,+and+the+promise+of+true+federalism+in+Nigeria.hl=ensa=Xredir_esc=y#v=onepageq=Oil%2C%20democracy%2C%20and%20the%20promise%20of%20true%20federalism%20in%20Nigeria.f=false Mwalimu, C. (2009).The Nigerian legal system: Vol. 2. New York, NY [u.a.: Lang.