Globalisation,Transnationals and Economic Development in Uk(78114003) Essay

Globalisation,Transnationals and Economic Development in Uk(78114003) - Essay Example sult of such a pattern, the globalization - as a thought or an action †has been extended in a large portion of nations around the globe making explicit commitments and rights for both the states and the people. Current paper looks at the impacts globalization in the nearby monetary improvement of UK especially in connection with the position and the exercises of the transnationals. It ought to be seen that the investigation of the above subject is occurred introducing at a first stage the current circumstance in the worldwide network (in regards to this specific issue) and at a next level, the discoveries are contrasted and the ones of the UK monetary market so as to detail a safe presumption on the issue. Then again, a progression of specific issues are been uncovered (concerning the UK advertise) which ought to be considered before showing up in any end with respect to the particular subject. The post-World War II ‘phenomenon of globalization-the undeniably close universal mix of business sectors both for products and ventures, and for capital - may from various perspectives be seen as a resumption of a pattern saw on the planet economy a century back; by certain measures, worldwide monetary combination expanded the same amount of in the 50 years before World War I as in late decades, and arrived at tantamount levels; at that point, as now, coordination was driven in enormous part by the expansion of business sectors and fast mechanical change. The procedure was hindered and turned around from 1914 to after World War II’ (World Economic Outlook, 1997) Globalization is a term ‘variously utilized, even by specialists inside a solitary order; besides, there is generous discussion, about its definition, yet additionally about whether it is really happening, its hugeness, and how it shapes our future’ [8]. At its most acknowledged structure globalization ‘rests upon, or basically is, the development in universal trade of merchandise, administrations, and capital, and the expanding levels of

Property Law Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Property Law - Assignment Example At times, the courts are happy to explicitly uphold contracts identifying with land is that harms so granted may not be satisfactory where the remarkable resources are concerned. Along these lines, granting a particular exhibition alleviation is and stays as an optional cure. Exchange considerations may direct that it ought to â€exceptionally †be can't, especially its honor would produce extreme affliction to the litigant, Virginia. Under UK laws, explicit execution is a fair alleviation conceded through an optional request of the court that may propel the defaulting gathering to execute and finish the agreement for the buy or offer of a land.1 For example, in Patel v Ali, a vendor’s wellbeing was ruined following the finish of the agreement that a request for the particular execution was not made available2. In Lazard Bros and Co Ltd v. Fairfield Properties Co (Mayfair) Lt3d, it was held by the court that straightforward postponement without ownership of the property isn't itself an obstruction to look for the help of explicit execution. For this situation, a deferral of two years was held to be a bar since the litigant had not been biased by the delay4. Harley, Virginia’s sibling can move toward the court for giving help under the â€Å"specific performance† arrangements of the Transfer of Property Act 1882 of UK. On the off chance that , if Harley has not made the thought for the buy the property from Virginia inside the time as specified in the understanding , then Virginia has each option to offer the property to another gathering by giving a notification of downturn from the consent to Harley. It is accepted that Virginia may have given such notification of the ground on which the consent to sell has gotten not powerful to Harley. Answer to B Jack guarantees that he has been touching his creatures in the enclosure throughout the previous 25 years. Courts will recognize proof of a consistent use for at any rate twenty years as proof that the touching rights have been appreciated or utilized. Consequently, it is basic to confirm that the drawn out utilization of right of touching for a base time of 20 years is basic. Courts will recognize proof of a persistent use for at any rate twenty years as proof that the touching rights has been delighted in or utilized and in such cases, the courts will assume that there was a grant5. In Neaverson v Peterborough RDC which managed munching rights and the land proprietor for this situation didn't reserve any option to grant any eating benefits for steers on the land being referred to ,yet conceded in this way, and those getting a charge out of such benefits asserted easement rights under the guns of lost present day award. For this situation, the offended parties bombed as the land proprietor was not reserving any privilege to grant such brushing rights. For this situation, Virginia is the enrolled freehold owner of Silver House, which comprises of a house and a fence d enclosure. As the Jack is utilizing the property for brushing throughout the previous two decades and since Virginia is the enrolled proprietor of the property, at that point it is assumed that Jack is touching in Virginia’s property with the conspiracy and endorsement of Virginia. Thus, Papageno is under commitment to permit the Jack to munch his cows in the Silver House property for the future time frame too. Answer to Question C Squatting is where an outsider possesses unauthorisedly any relinquished or void property for which the vagrant, might not reserve any option to claim the equivalent or as an inhabitant and without the legitimate authorisation from the proprietor of the house. The offense submitted by the Toby by declining to leave the Papageno’s property can be viewed as an offense under intruding of a property. 6 Further, on the off chance that Toby will not leave the Papageno’s property, at that point Papageno is qualified to become as a â€Å"

Story of an hour by Kate Chopins

Story of an hour by Kate Chopins Reaction on Mrs. Mallard Actions Towards Her Husbands Death Home›Literary Analysis Posts›Reaction on Mrs. Mallard Actions Towards Her Husbands Death Literary Analysis PostsA good part of the “Story of an hour” by Kate Chopin’s is based on the Mrs. Mallard when she is informed of her husband’s death in a train accident. Even though the first part of the paragraph makes the readers believe that she was actually affected by the death, the mourners are so careful not to say anything too cause too much anxiety and excitement in her future life.To some extent, Mrs. Mallard reaction to her husband’s death is justifiable but on the other hand it can be argued that she was self involved because of her quest for everlasting freedom. After receiving the news concerning his death, she got distracted for a short time but afterwards, she soon starts to think about her own life and future, a thing that a mourning person should not do. Even though she has been trapped in a bad relatio nship for years and she has been yearning for freedom she could not have reacted the way she did.To some extent the author seems to sympathize with her, she was too calculating and cold as a result of her reaction towards her husband’s death. She is selfish to an extent of thinking just about her and the future holds for her. She can only trust her feelings even though friends and relatives are present to offer her comfort. These actions are not justifiable she could have masked her feelings in their presence.The reaction of Mrs Mallard for husband’s death is not justifiable.   She felt may felt free if her husband was in control because the husband loved her dearly. The husband could have granted her freedom even if he was a live, so there is no need of her reacting in a callous manner. Though she was mourning him, inwardly he was happy that he was finally dead and therefore she could enjoy her freedom. This is not justifiable because no married woman should react the way she d id towards the death of her husband. Every person can be happy if she if finally free, but no woman will wish for her man’s death.During the mourning of her husband, Mrs. Mallard said it repeatedly under her breath: free, free, free! The vacant look and terror that was present in her in her utterance followed it into and escaped her eyes. They remained bright and keen. She kept saying free! Body and soul free. She dearly fancied her freedom after her husband’s death and was not bothered of what others will think about her.Finally, Mrs. Mallard was shocked with and disappointed when she met her husband because she was already used to enjoying her freedom and living independently without him. Her reaction is totally unjustifiable because a caring wife after being informed of a husbands’ death, will be in real mourning after hearing the news and hope that it was merely a dream. Additionally, her action is further being condemned on the basis of her joyful response towards the hus band’s revelation of freedom. She was really happy that the husband is now dead and no woman should feel the way she did. It is justifiable to say that she might as well did kill him herself.

Essay on Coal A Human History by Barbara Freese - 1709 Words

Coal: A Human History was written by Barbara Freese to focus on the history of coal and how mankind has used it as part of their lifestyle. Ever since the times when early nomads used the slash-and-burn method, coal has been around acting as jewelry for the Romans and as fuel for peasants and the noble class in Britain. Coal was in such high demand that many inventions were utilized for the convenience of retrieving it from intolerable conditions such as vacuums and the construction of more efficient underground tunnels. The book gives insight of how this small stone has been so vital to humans that they were able to adapt to the ways coal best functions. Freese wrote this non-fiction book to inform how coal has affected humans socially,†¦show more content†¦The use of expensive jewelry soon lost its value due to mass quantities of coal was discovered. The use of it as diamonds gave some wealth at first for the Romans the jewels were no longer made after 150 years. The term â€Å"jet-black† comes from the jewels which were named jet. While the many uses of coal led to various attempts for improvement, there was only one true use for coal that proved to be worthy and beneficial. The use of coal which is most common today started in the 700’s CE and it is the use of coal as an energy source. Though not officially used as a heat source until the 1100’s CE, many methods of burning it for protective smoke were used. While the use of coal for heat was cheaper than wood, the side effects of it shortly began to show. As the mass used of coal came to be, the price of it rose sharply as up to  ½ of lower class family wages were used only for the minimal amount of coal needed to survive harsh cold months. London also grew dependent on coal and many signs were showing just why this statement was true. The coal smoke smudged the city and thick black clouds could be seen from miles away surrounding London. These plus other negative effects of coal explains how the misuse of coal led to more negative occurrences than positive and beneficial use it gave. The immediate danger of coal was not the pollutants it let out but the process of which coal was mined. After the topShow MoreRelatedCoal: a Human History1727 Words   |  7 PagesCoal: A Human History was written by Barbara Freese to focus on the history of coal and how mankind has used it as part of their lifestyle. Ever since the times when early nomads used the slash-and-burn method, coal has been around acting as jewelry for the Romans and as fuel for peasants and the noble class in Britain. Coal was in such high demand that many inventions were utilized for the convenience of retrieving it from intolerable conditions such as vacuums and the construction of more efficientRead MoreClimate And The Global Climate Justice Movement3592 Words   |  15 Pagesthe United States Climate change has been called â€Å"the biggest problem of the 21st century† by many scientists and government officials alike. Many classes at the university level cover some aspect of this complex and multifaceted problem. From the human rights that are at risk due to rising sea levels and food shortages to the environmental, geographical, and intergenerational inequities resulting from increasing greenhouse gas emissions; climate change is a serious and complex issue with little agreement

Classical Tradition And The Classical Era - 1139 Words

The classical tradition in the medieval times has an articulate work of art should stand by itself without the need of interpretation. As one literally scholar would state, the classical era states that interpretation is ambiguous, and â€Å"does not always prevail†. Yet, now in our society, art’s interpretation can be one or all: a parody, an abstract, a pastiche, or non-art. Pain and suffering constituted things with which for him to identify. His own family had made a grueling transition from the war and turmoil ravaged areas of Prussia (now Czech) Although many of his works have become instantly recognizeable, famous in their own right, the distinct themes of the classical tradition’s work have no direct meaning. The classical†¦show more content†¦As Gericault referenced a tragic, contemporary event in ‘The Raft of Medusa’ from 1819, The classical tradition referenced events at the very time they occurred (see â€Å"127 Die in Jet†, â€Å"Tunafish Disaster†) . For him, the borderline between simulated time and actual time was blurry and often nonexistent. Whether events, people and things were ‘real’ or not became debatable However flip and casual his observations may have been, their credence (in this light) cannot be denied. The act of parody had very nearly become his denouemont, an all too-shocking reality, as well as History. As such, The classical tradition had left his mark for the ages. The term, under this tradition became the rise of the Avant-Garde is seen widely used in the field of visual art and literature. The term derives from the military term, advanced guard or vanguard and it reflects this movement’s role in art history as well. By nature, this movement was meant to be controversial- desiring to challenge the traditional art and the society as a whole. In the realm of the arts world, works of the Avant-Garde carried characteristics which represented pushing of the boundaries of what is accepted as the norm as well as tearing down the status quo. Began in 1850 in France, this movement led many artists to initiate works that are experimental, innovative and unconventional. The three essential features of an

World War Ii And Adolf Hitler Free Essays

Adolf Hitler was born on April 20, 1889 in the small town of Braunau Am Inn in Austria. His parents were Customs official, Klara and Alois Hitler. He became a German politician and went on to be the head of the National Socialist German Workers Party or better known as the Nazi Party. We will write a custom essay sample on World War Ii And Adolf Hitler or any similar topic only for you Order Now From 1933 to 1945 he held the position as Chancellor of Germany and ruled the country in a dictatorship manner. He was a known veteran of the First World War and he joined the pioneer of the Nazi Party (DAP) in 1919 and went on to become leader of the NSDAP by the year 1921. In 1923, Hitler led a failed coup in Munich known as the Beer Hall Putsch. He was imprisoned because of such attempt and it was that time that he wrote his book. He acquired support from his writing as he promoted anti-Semitism, German nationalism, anti-communism, and anti-capitalism with compelling rhetoric and propaganda. In 1933, he became chancellor and transformed Germany into a single-party dictatorship founded on the despotic as well as tyrannical principles of National Socialism. Hitler’s actions and policies led to the declaration of France and United Kingdom of war against the country. This led to the outbreak of the Second World War in Europe. Because of the Nazi Regime of Hitler and his genocidal policy, about 11 million people were killed and more than 6 million Jews were annihilated throughout the Holocaust. For three years Germany together with the Axis powers had conquered most of Northern Africa, East as well as Southeast Asia, and Europe with Hitler being a major key player. Hitler and his mistress got married as the days of war came to an end and they both committed suicide. World War I era During the 16th Bavarian Reserve Regiment, Adolf Hitler served Belgium and France. He became a Gefreiter by the end of the war (a private first class in terms of the American armies and a lance corporal in British terms). He was frequently exposed to the adversary’s fire as he served as a runner on the Western Front. He was a participant of some of the most important battles of the West including the First Battle of Ypres, Battle of Arras, Battle of the Somme, as well as the Battle of Passchendaele.[1] In October 1914, the Battle of Ypress took place which was known in Germany as the Massacre of the Innocents having about 40,000 killed in a span of 20 days and even the infantry division that Hitler belonged to lost about 200 men by December that year. This incident made Hitler become withdrawn and detached as the war continued. Adolf Hitler was recognized for the bravery he had shown during the years of war. In 1914, he got the Iron Cross, Second Class, recognition, and 4 years later the Iron Cross, First Class. These are honors not often given to someone of his rank (Gefreiter).   Early years in power Adolf Hitler’s power and glory began in September 1919 when he became a member of DAP or Deutsche Arbeiterpartei which later on became more popularly known as the Nazi party. The party was an anti-Marxist and was formed throughout the aftermath of the World War I period. His rose to power began in the initial years of the Nazi party from 1919-1923 due to his substantial skills in promotion, organization, and public speaking.[2] Germany was consistently aggressive during the World War I for more than four years (1914-1918). After the First World War, Hitler went back to Munich. For the period of 1918-1919 he was on a steady but comparatively insignificant assignment but he was in due course enlisted by the Army’s Political Department. His great skills in public speaking and his open and intense anti-Semitism impressed an army officer and gave him a promotion making him an education officer. This gave him more opportunities to give public speeches which greatly contributed to his acquisition of power. In one meeting, Hitler again used his tremendous skills in oratory impressing Anton Drexler, the DAP (Deutsche Arbeiterpartei) founder. He gave Hitler a political pamphlet and later on invited him to be a member of their party. Hitler attended the committee meeting that was part of the invitation. His initial thoughts were that the party was too disorganized and mixed-up. Their membership process was messed up and this led Hitler to a consideration that he could be of great influence to the party as it was not totally established. Two days after that particular meeting, he decided to become a member of DAP, making him the 55th member. Adolf Hitler was named to be the leader of propaganda by 1920 because of his talents that were recognized by the heads of the party.[3] On February 20, the party became known as Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei or NSDAP and Hitler began to transform it. By July 28, 1921, Hitler became in full control of the party ousting Drexler. Hitler’s aggression was brought to the party. They disrupted meetings of their â€Å"opponents†, caused chaos disturbance, causing the imprisonment of Hitler for some months. Hitler also began to form two organizations between 1922 and 1923. These are Jungstum and Jugendubnd, two unions that are bound to have great importance. Because of Hitler’s continuous rebellion, Hitler was convicted and imprisoned for five years. In prison, he began to contemplate about a lot of things particularly his political tactics. It was during this time that he was able to write his first book entitled Mein Kampf or My Struggle.[4] Adolf Hitler was released on December 20, 1924 from prison and assured that he would continue to get hold of political power but this time only by lawful and constitutional ways or means. The Nazi Party during the May 1928 German elections only gained an overall vote of 2.63% of 810,127 votes.[5] Because of these results, Adolf Hitler was determined to spread the goals of their party to the German people. He felt that the Germans weren’t fully aware of their party’s objectives and aims. Hitler wrote his second book in order to lay out the word of the Nazi party. By the end of that year, the Nazi party has about 130,000 members and the following year, the Nazi party had a representative to the Presidential elections by the name of Erich Ludendorff. Ludendorff got 1.1% of the total votes or 280,000 total votes.[6] He was the lone aspirant to gain fewer than a million votes. The street fights grew extremely brutal and violent. After the Rotfront (Communist party) interrupted Hitler’s speech the SA (Storm battalion or division) went into the streets and executed two spectators. The SA on August 25, 1928, crashed a Rotfront gathering, as the tension between the two groups continued to heat up. The battle between the two went on for the following years resulting to more political violence and deaths. The Nazi party had never been a power player in Germany’s election as they were only the 9th smallest party before the Great Depression hit the country in 1930. The new Chancellor then, Heinrich Brà ¼ning, coming from the Roman Catholic Centre Party, slowly but surely lost the majority in the parliament, thus the Brà ¼ning administration needed to use the president’s emergency decrees. A premature election in September 1930 paved the way for the Nazi party to garner 18% of the vote equivalent to 108 seats in the parliament, making them second to the largest party in the chamber.[7] Hitler meant to run as president in the scheduled elections against President Pal Von Hindenburg, only with one problem. Hitler was Austrian born and still had not acquired German citizenship, not until the 25th of February as the interior minister of the Brunswick appointed Hitler as administrator for the state’s delegation making him a citizen of Brunswick. Their effort was not enough to win, but it showed that Hitler is a possible choice in German politics. The president, after heavy thinking, reluctantly appointed Hitler Chancellor of the coalition government materialized by both NSDAP and DNVP. Still with the appointment of Papen as Vice-Chancellor and other conservative cabinet, the Nazis are contained to their framework. Hitler stopped any attempts by his adversaries to form a majority body in the parliament. Hitler planned to dissolve Reichstag once again and there was a scheduled election for March, but February 27, 1933 came, and the Reichstag building was set ablaze.[8] A Dutch independent communist was the victim to this incident and the government reacted by suspending basic rights, habeas corpus included, to blame the fire to communists. The Nazis maximized their opportunity as campaigns continued, using anti-communist propaganda paramilitary violence. The NSDAP garnered 43.9% of the votes during Election Day, March 6, to remain the largest party in the nation. But still without having absolute majority, their victory was blemished, as they need to maintain a coalition with the DNVP.[9] Hitler eagerly met with the newly-elected Reichstag with an act that would give the cabinet (and of course Hitler himself) legislative powers for a period of four years. The Enabling Act would allow deviation from the constitution but only after winning 2/3 majority in the Reichstag. Thus, the government needed some help of other parties for the votes. The Centre Party would prove to be the deciding element as they carried the Enabling Act. In return, the government guaranteed the Church’s liberty and the existence of the Party, through oral assurances. With this in motion, the Enabling Act was agreed upon by every party except the Social Democrats on March 23rd, and in combination with the Reichstag Fire Decree legally transformed Hitler’s government as dictatorship. Now having both legislative and executive power, Hitler finished off the opposition. The Social Democratic Party, SDP, was marked off illegal and other parties were forced into dissolving. After only less than 4 months, July the 14th, the Nazi Party was declared the â€Å"only legal party† in Germany. All notable opposition to Hitler was one by one murdered. And with the death of the President Pal von Hindenburg, Hitler’s cabinet, capitalizing on the moment, passed a law transferring the role and power of the President to Hitler. Although with major inconsistencies with the constitution, and technicality that barred Hitler for making any actions with regards to the Presidency, no one dared to object. With the Presidency finally on his hands, Hitler was now the most powerful man in Germany. Being the Head of State, Hitler became the Supreme commander of the Armed Forces, and instead of the soldiers and sailors doing the traditional loyalty oath, it turned to an oath of personal loyalty to Hitler.[10] Hitler then forced his War Minister Werner von Blomberg after evidences that his new wife had a criminal past; this was prior to removing several positions in the Armed Forces. But to the surprise by many, Hitler, announced that he will be assuming the command of the Armed Forces, taking over Blomberg’s old post – being the Commander – in – chief of the Armed Forces, giving Hitler the ultimate power in Germany. How to cite World War Ii And Adolf Hitler, Essays

Global Memories of Environmental Injustice

Question: Discuss about the Global Memories of Environmental Injustice. Answer: Introduction Many countries have depended on oil production as the source of revenue for their economy. These states have gone lengths to acquire the oil production or to get the assurance of the free flow of oil. Some states have even gone to the extent of being willing to engage in war just to be able to defend their oil production regions. They have had conflicts over the areas that are believed to be able to produce oil. The trend is likely to continue in the future, unless more economic resources are discovered. This essay illustrates the problems associated with the dependence of oil on the environment, pollution, disruption of wildlife and explains solutions to overcome problems. Nigeria is one country that depends on oil production for its revenue and has suffered the consequences associated with the production. Oil production and distribution in Nigeria has been faced with a lot of issues that are all affecting the environment and the lives of the people. From the output stage, there have been spills that have been resting on the waters affecting the ecological life of the water essentuaries. The fish and other sea creatures have been most affected the effect has been transferred to the communities living around the areas. These communities have been fishing, and most of them may have been using the water for domestic purposes. The oil spill in the water killed the fish and left no fish for the communities. The water was also contaminated, and there was no way the city could continue using the water (International, 2009). The transportation of oil has also been faced with problems where there have been leakages in the pipes transporting the oil. The leakages have been polluting the environment and also affecting the people around these areas. Thieves have as well been engaged in stealing th e pipes used for transporting the oil leaving the oil flowing on the ground (Ikein, Alamieyeseigha Azaiki, 2008). The possible solution for the problem at the production site is that the companies could engage in developing measures to be able to monitor the production site to ensure that there will be no spillages. Also, there should be measures put in place to cub the oil spillage in case there is any to avoid it being severe as the one experienced at the Delta Gulf in Nigeria. In the distribution, the pipelines should be developed in such a way that no one could easily find ways of stealing it. There should also be digital measures put in place to detect if there are any leakages and they be attended to immediately (Mwalimu, 2009). Pollution The production of oil has been associated with contamination of the environment. The production industry has been releasing gasses to the atmosphere and causing damages to the air and also increasing global warming issues. The air that is released to the environment is entailed of the chemicals used in the production process that has later affected the people living in these areas since they breathe in these gasses plus the chemical particles and molecules in them. The oil leakages from the pipes have also caused pollution to the environment; oil has chemicals in it that reduces the fertility of the soil. The areas that experience oil spillage have been affected as the ground would not turn out to be productive after the leakages. In the production site, the factory uses many processes that lead to the last production of the oil. In the process, there are waste products that are released to the environment causing pollution. These are elements that are not the oil but the other chemi cals that are used in the production process (International, 2015). The solution to the pollution is that the government should be able to set rules and regulations that will see how the factory releases the gasses to the environment. The gasses should be sieved before being released to the environment to ensure that the harmful chemicals are not being let out to the air. Also, the oil transportation pipes should be monitored at all times to ensure that the leakages are controlled the time they are detected or that no leakages are witnessed at all. The waste products from the factory should be monitored and be directed to a safe site where they will have no harm to the environment. There could also be measures put in place to see whether the wastes could be recycled and put to use again (Goodall, Rosier Washington, 2006). Disruption of wildlife The biological differences are known to be incredibly technical and can fall victim to significant ecological impacts at any time they are affected by the activities of human beings. There are increased vehicle traffic at the drilling sites, and it highly contributes to the noise pollution and the wild lands. Wild animals and birds are known to respond to the disturbances that are caused by the traffic with short-term avoidance behaviour. However, most studies have shown that the behaviours always become habituated. The negative impacts always include the disruption of the communication of the songbird while they are in their breeding and nesting seasons and they also experience altered dynamics. The antelopes are the unfortunate example of the animals affected by the development of the oil and gas that has changed their migration routes. There has also been fencing done around the drilling areas, and that affect the migration routes of the mammals. The fencing is somehow in the mids t of the parks, and they change the ecological lifestyle of the animals (International, 2008). To be able to regulate this issue, it will need the help of the governments and other necessary authorities. There should be consultations among the responsible authorities to be able to get the most appropriate solution to the problem. The vehicles to the drilling sites should be set where they will not be affecting the migration routes of the mammals (AL-AMIN, 2010). The noise pollution should also be controlled. Authorities should be sure to find ways that the factory could monitor the noise and there could be silence gadgets put in place to regulate the noise that will be coming from the drilling sites. Also, before setting up the site for drilling, the authorities should ensure that the site will not be interfering with the habitat of the animals. It should be where no animals are residing or at least where few animals are living there (Abiri, Emiri Deinduomo, 2009). Conclusion Some states have even gone to the extent of being willing to engage in war just to be able to defend their oil production regions. The oil production and distribution in Nigeria has been faced with a lot of issues that are all affecting the environment and the lives of the people. The production of oil has been associated with contamination of the environment. The production industry has been releasing gasses to the atmosphere and causing damages to the air and also increasing global warming issues. The biological differences are known to be incredibly technical and can fall victim to significant ecological impacts at any time they are affected by the activities of human beings. Companies could engage in developing measures to be able to monitor the production site to ensure that there will be no spillages. The government should be able to set rules and regulations that will see how the factory releases the gasses to the environment. There should be consultations among the responsibl e authorities to be able to get the most appropriate solution to the problem References Abiri, K., Emiri, F., Deinduomo, G. (2009).Law and petroleum industry in Nigeria: Current challenges : essays in honour of Justice Kate Abiri. Lagos: Malthouse Press. AL-AMIN, M. O. H. A. M. M. E. D. (2010).Oil Pollution in Nigeria: The Case of Kaduna Refinery and Petrochemical Complex. Saarbru?cken: VDM Verlag Dr. Mu?ller. Goodall, H., Rosier, P. C., Washington, S. H. (2006).Echoes from the poisoned well: Global memories of environmental injustice. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books. International, B. P. U. (2009).Doing business and investing in nigeria guide. Place of publication not identified: Intl Business Pubns Usa. https://books.google.co.ke/books?id=8QRQL_rVVEUCprintsec=frontcoverdq=Doing+business+and+investing+in+nigeria+guide.hl=ensa=Xredir_esc=y#v=onepageq=Doing%20business%20and%20investing%20in%20nigeria%20guide.f=false International, B. P. U. (2008).Nigeria oil and gas exploration laws and regulation handbook. Place of publication not identified: Intl Business Pubns Usa. https://books.google.co.ke/books?id=YceyDAAAQBAJpg=PA310dq=Nigeria+investment+and+business+guide:+Strategic+and+practical+information.hl=ensa=Xredir_esc=y#v=onepageq=Nigeria%20investment%20and%20business%20guide%3A%20Strategic%20and%20practical%20information.f=false International, B. P. U. (2015).Nigeria investment and business guide: Strategic and practical information. Place of publication not identified: Intl Business Pubns Usa. https://books.google.co.ke/books?id=NEA6CgAAQBAJpg=PA277dq=Nigeria+investment+and+business+guide:+Strategic+and+practical+information.hl=ensa=Xredir_esc=y#v=onepageq=Nigeria%20investment%20and%20business%20guide%3A%20Strategic%20and%20practical%20information.f=false Ikein, A. A., Alamieyeseigha, D. S. P., Azaiki, S. S. (2008).Oil, democracy, and the promise of true federalism in Nigeria. Lanham, Md: University Press of America. https://books.google.co.ke/books?id=qzL0-nBbMCQCprintsec=frontcoverdq=Oil,+democracy,+and+the+promise+of+true+federalism+in+Nigeria.hl=ensa=Xredir_esc=y#v=onepageq=Oil%2C%20democracy%2C%20and%20the%20promise%20of%20true%20federalism%20in%20Nigeria.f=false Mwalimu, C. (2009).The Nigerian legal system: Vol. 2. New York, NY [u.a.: Lang.

A Comparison Of Biographic Features In The Sun Also Rises And The Grea

A Comparison Of Biographic Features In The Sun Also Rises And The Great Gatsby Trevor Bender Mrs. Watkins AP Lit. and Comp April 12th, 2001 The writers F. Scott Fitzgerald and Ernest Hemingway included biographical information in their novels The Great Gatsby and The Sun Also Rises that illuminated the meaning of the work. Although The Sun Also Rises is more closely related to actual events in Hemingway's life than The Great Gatsby was to events in Fitzgerald's life, they both take the same approach. They both make use of non-judgemental narrators to comment on the lost generation. This narrator allows Fitzgerlald and Hemingway to write about their own society. Fitzgerlald comments on the jaded old-wealth society of the Eastern United States and the corruption of the American Dream. Hemingway comments on the effects of World War I on the lost generation and the hope for the future in the next generation. By adding biographical features into their novels both Fitzgerald and Hemingway are able to give their novels that extra depth because the plot of the novels are more realistic and accurately reflect the society of the times. The story in Fitzgerald's book contains basic ideas from his life, not nessesarily actual events. Several characters have biographical characterization and the novel reflects his own experiences. Hemingway's novel, however, is almost entirely based on actual events that happened to Hemingway and a group of his friends. This enhances the realism of The Sun Also Rises. Fitzgerald and The Great Gatsby In his novel, The Great Gatsby Francis Scott Fitzgerald includes many autobiographical features to enhance and illuminate the themes of the work. Certain main characters like Daisy Buchannon, Jay Gatsby, and the narrator Nick Carraway are representations of actual people from Fitzgerald's life. Fitzgerald makes use of a non-judgemental narrator to simply give the details and leave the anylasis to the reader. However, based on the details, the narrators conclusions are relatively evident. In this novel, Fitzgerald is able to write about his experiences from a different perspective and include his self in both the characters of Jay Gatsby and Nick Carraway. As in many of Fitzgerald's works, he writes about a golden girl1), the desire of every man that he couldn't have. In the case of The Great Gatsby, Fitzgerald creates the character of Daisy to fit this discription. In actuality the motivation for Fitzgerald's writing about the golden girl came from real events. Ginevra King was the love of [Fitzgerald's] young life.2) In Ginevra's eyes, however, Fitzgerald was simply one of the many men in her young life and when it came time she dropped him.3)Most importantly, however, his rejection by Ginevra motivated much of his fiction.4) In The Great Gatsby, Daisy is shown by the end to be a very careless and confused who smashed up things and creatures and then retreated back into their money or their vast carelessness... and let other people clean up the mess they had made.5) This statement from the novel relates to Fitzgeralds own fealings for Ginevra who used him, then dropped him when it came time leaving Francis devastated.6) This rejectio n shaped Fitzgeralds view of women in general and thus affected his characterization of women. The romance between Fitzgerald and Ginevra King is also given meaning in The Great Gatsby as Ginevra King and Fitzgerald himself came from different social worlds just as Daisy and young poor Gatsby did. In both situations, the woman came from the aristocratic old money rich and the guys were respectivly poor in comparison. Fitzgerald, later in life, was from the middle class and in this way can be compared to the narrator, Nick Carraway. His social situation was the same and this perspective of the relationships between the rich and poor allowed Fitzgerald to write of his own experiences with Ginevra King. As Fitzgerald himself puts it, The whole idea of Gatsby is the unfairness of a poor young man not being able to marry a girl with money.1) An independent percpective of the relationship from the middle class allows Fitzgerald to accomplish this. Nick Carraway is the voice of Fitzgerald's rational self.2) In expressions in the novel, Fitzgerald gives light to his rational self. That's my Middle West - not the wheat or the prairies A Comparison Of Biographic Features In The Sun Also Rises And The Grea A Comparison Of Biographic Features In The Sun Also Rises And The Great Gatsby Trevor Bender Mrs. Watkins AP Lit. and Comp April 12th, 2001 The writers F. Scott Fitzgerald and Ernest Hemingway included biographical information in their novels The Great Gatsby and The Sun Also Rises that illuminated the meaning of the work. Although The Sun Also Rises is more closely related to actual events in Hemingway's life than The Great Gatsby was to events in Fitzgerald's life, they both take the same approach. They both make use of non-judgemental narrators to comment on the lost generation. This narrator allows Fitzgerlald and Hemingway to write about their own society. Fitzgerlald comments on the jaded old-wealth society of the Eastern United States and the corruption of the American Dream. Hemingway comments on the effects of World War I on the lost generation and the hope for the future in the next generation. By adding biographical features into their novels both Fitzgerald and Hemingway are able to give their novels that extra depth because the plot of the novels are more realistic and accurately reflect the society of the times. The story in Fitzgerald's book contains basic ideas from his life, not nessesarily actual events. Several characters have biographical characterization and the novel reflects his own experiences. Hemingway's novel, however, is almost entirely based on actual events that happened to Hemingway and a group of his friends. This enhances the realism of The Sun Also Rises. Fitzgerald and The Great Gatsby In his novel, The Great Gatsby Francis Scott Fitzgerald includes many autobiographical features to enhance and illuminate the themes of the work. Certain main characters like Daisy Buchannon, Jay Gatsby, and the narrator Nick Carraway are representations of actual people from Fitzgerald's life. Fitzgerald makes use of a non-judgemental narrator to simply give the details and leave the anylasis to the reader. However, based on the details, the narrators conclusions are relatively evident. In this novel, Fitzgerald is able to write about his experiences from a different perspective and include his self in both the characters of Jay Gatsby and Nick Carraway. As in many of Fitzgerald's works, he writes about a golden girl1), the desire of every man that he couldn't have. In the case of The Great Gatsby, Fitzgerald creates the character of Daisy to fit this discription. In actuality the motivation for Fitzgerald's writing about the golden girl came from real events. Ginevra King was the love of [Fitzgerald's] young life.2) In Ginevra's eyes, however, Fitzgerald was simply one of the many men in her young life and when it came time she dropped him.3)Most importantly, however, his rejection by Ginevra motivated much of his fiction.4) In The Great Gatsby, Daisy is shown by the end to be a very careless and confused who smashed up things and creatures and then retreated back into their money or their vast carelessness... and let other people clean up the mess they had made.5) This statement from the novel relates to Fitzgeralds own fealings for Ginevra who used him, then dropped him when it came time leaving Francis devastated.6) This rejectio n shaped Fitzgeralds view of women in general and thus affected his characterization of women. The romance between Fitzgerald and Ginevra King is also given meaning in The Great Gatsby as Ginevra King and Fitzgerald himself came from different social worlds just as Daisy and young poor Gatsby did. In both situations, the woman came from the aristocratic old money rich and the guys were respectivly poor in comparison. Fitzgerald, later in life, was from the middle class and in this way can be compared to the narrator, Nick Carraway. His social situation was the same and this perspective of the relationships between the rich and poor allowed Fitzgerald to write of his own experiences with Ginevra King. As Fitzgerald himself puts it, The whole idea of Gatsby is the unfairness of a poor young man not being able to marry a girl with money.1) An independent percpective of the relationship from the middle class allows Fitzgerald to accomplish this. Nick Carraway is the voice of Fitzgerald's rational self.2) In expressions in the novel, Fitzgerald gives light to his rational self. That's my Middle West - not the wheat or the prairies

Persian Invasions

Persian Invasions King Darius, being very wroth with the Athenians for their share in the burning of Sardis, sent a great army across the Hellespont to march through Thrace against Athens, under his young kinsman Mardonius. But disaster befell these at the hands of the Thracians, and the fleet that was to aid them was shattered in a storm; so that they returned to Asia without honour. Then Darius sent envoys to demand earth and water from the Greek states; and of the islands the most gave them, and some also of the cities on the mainland; and among these were the Aeginetans, which were at feud with Athens.But of those who would not give the earth and water were the Eretrians of Euboea. So Darius sent a great armament by sea against Eretria and Athens, led by Datis and Artaphernes, which sailed first against Eretria. The Athenians, indeed, sent aid; but when they found that the counsels of the Eretrians were divided, so that no firm stand might be made, they withdrew.The reconstructed Treasury of Athen s, built to com...Nevertheless, the Eretrians fought valiantly behind their walls, till they were betrayed on the seventh day. But the Persians, counselled by Hippias, sailed to the bay of Marathon.THEN the Athenians sent the strong runner Pheidippides to call upon the Spartans for aid; who promised it, yet for sacred reasons would not move until the full moon. So the Athenian host had none to aid them save the loyal Plataeans, valiant though few. Yet in the council of their generals the word of Miltiades was given for battle, whereto the rest consented. Then the Athenians and Plataeans, being drawn up in a long line, charged across the plain nigh a mile, running upon the masses of the Persians; and, breaking them upon the wings, turned and...

Is there evidence that Withania somnifera is effective in tumor Dissertation

Is there evidence that Withania somnifera is effective in tumor suppression - Dissertation Example At present, plant products have already been used as a standard chemotherapeutic agent. For example, vinblastine (from periwinkle (Catharanthus)) and paclitaxel (from Yew tree (genus Taxus)) are already a part of chemotherapeutic options used against cancer (Choudhary et al., 2010). Because a high number of individuals still suffer from cancer, the search is still ongoing for the compound, both natural and synthetic, that can hopefully decrease the cancer-caused mortality rate considerably. Withania somnifera, commonly called as Ashwagandha, is a member of Solanaceae family, together with Nicotiana (tobacco), Solanum (potato), and Capsicum (pepper). In herbal medicine, W. somnifera has already been used against various health conditions. In Pakistan, it has been used against respiratory problems (Choudhary et al., 2010). In India, it has been recognized as an aphrodisiac and invigorating medicine (Choudhary et al., 2010). The plant is also used against intestinal ulcers, rectal bleed ing and irritable bowel (Pawar et al., 2011). Several withanolides isolated from Ashwagandha were also found to possess anti-glycation, possibly against diabetes, and anti-pyretic effects (Choudhary et al., 2010). ... EVIDENCE OF TUMOR SUPPRESSION ACTIVITY OF Withania somniferous In this literature review, four journal articles, ranging from 2003 to 2011, were looked into. Most of the methods used by these studies are in vitro, and only one using in vivo, although in an experimental model (rats). Google scholar was used as a search engine, with the results limited to 2000 to 2011. The search terms used were â€Å"Withania somnifera cancer†. Later in this paper, the quality of the research would be assessed mostly based on the methods used in the purification and activity assays. Activity of crude methanolic extract against NCI-H460 Compounds from the leaves and stems of W. somnifera were tested for its anti-proliferative activity against human lung cancer cell line NCI-H460 in vitro. In this study by Choudhary et al. (2010), tested for growth inhibitory and cytotoxic activities were the (1) crude methanolic extract of W. somnifera, (2-4) three isolates, and the positive control (5) doxorubi cin. The isolates were obtained using silica gel chromatography. They were then characterized using mass spectrometry and NMR. One of the three compounds were identified as withaferin A, while the other two were found to be its chlorinated steroidal lactone and epoxide derivatives, respectively. In testing their activity, GI50, or the concentration causing 50% growth inhibition of NCI-H460 cells, and LC50, or the concentration causing the death of 50% of the same cancer cell line, were measured for all the five test substances. The obtained data were compared using one-way ANOVA and Duncan’s multiple range test (p < 0.05) using SPSS 17 program. Finally, the report also mentioned the presence of other studies that confirm the growth inhibitory activity of withaferin A against other

Central Park New York City Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Central Park New York City - Essay Example The people of New York started airing their voices on the need of a recreational and a public park. It took the emphasis by a poet and an editor of Evening Post (now the New York post), William Cullen Bryant and an early architect by the name Andrew Jackson Downing. The two followed in demanding how important people of New York needed a public park by 1844. They felt the people of New York needed a lavish scenery similar to Bois de Boulogne in Paris France or Hyde Park based in London, England. It took long years of debate and disagreements about the location on where the park was to be erected before the actual building of the park finally started in 1857. The park’s superintendent Fredrick Law Olmsted and an architect Calvert Vaux won the competition on design to enable them with the expansion of the park under a plan called Greensward Plan. The park’s construction followed the same year and went on through up to the civil war in America until its completion in 1873. The Greensward Plan consisted of designs with 36 bridges, all of which Vaux designed, from a span of the Manhattan schist or granite and an iron cast which is lacy neo-gothic. A number of individuals assumed the responsibility of executing the plan these were, Jacob Wrey Mould an architect, Ignaz Anton Pilat a master gardener, George Waring an engineer and Andrew Hasell Green a politician, mandated with the responsibility of helping Vaux and Olmsted. After winning the contest, they went ahead and acquired the 843 acres of land in the city of New York at the Manhattan center, which is two and a half miles away from 59th and 106th street, and half a mile away from Fifth and Eighth Avenue. This led to the eviction of about 1600 people living in the swampy and rocky terrain as the legal inhabitants of the area. Other buildings brought down included a convent, a school, plants, shrubs, and the people residing in Seneca Village. Mostly African-Americans with an estimated 2700 million peop le in the village inhabited the area with three churches and a school. The members of this village became scattered all over the place and as a result, it led to their community became extinct in that area. The city compensated the people who owned land with an estimated average of $700 per lot of land. However, many of the people residing in the area found the compensation package to be below the property value they surrendered. The city planners chose the place because, of its unsuitable terrain that could not withstand nor allow the erection of commercial buildings. The terrain was rocky with swamps that to be turned into lakes, rivers and a reservoir for the old city. The ancient sculptures underwent improvement, enhancement and eradication to enable the creation of the park in accordance to the style of public grounds in Europe, and an appealing appearance of the countryside nature. To this extent, the planners Olmsted and Vaux came up with a plan, which included four transvers e roads, which enabled the carrying of town traffic below the level of the park. The architectural designs restrictions stated that, they were to be minimal. Only four buildings was the only one found in the original plan of the park. They proceeded to adhere to the plan of the park by choosing the materials used for building and made sure that the integration of the original plan was as

Indian Film And Entertainment Industry Media Essay

Indian Film And Entertainment Industry Media Essay This report is part of the MBA sem 3 and 4 curriculum. Under which 2 students in one group are supposed to study one industry and so we have selected Film Industry for our study. The Indian film and entertainment industry, position at more than $8 billion, is one of the greatest increasing sectors of the Indian economy. Indian film industry forms the most key segment of entertainment sector. Indian film industry helps a lot in enlargement of entertainment industry the growth of country, at large. India has the worlds key movie industry in terms of the number of films produced. It is an enormous segment for foreign investment by corporatized entertainment companies. The demand for films in India deeply affected by the social, political, legal, technological etc. we also include how different environment affect film industry. In this report we also include key issues as well as current challenges of Indian film industry. Film Industry has increased significantly as a result of change from single producer to multiple production houses and according to sources even underworld plays vital role in producing films. Attitude of the film makers and audience has also changed over the years. In this project we show the list of film producing companies and name of top ten companies on the basis of its market share. Yash raj films have highest market share in Indian film industry; Aamir Khan Productions is 2nd highest market share in Indian film industry, and Red Chillies Entertainment 3rd highest market share in Indian film industry. The above three film producing houses are the major players in Indian film industry by having key market share in India. GROWTH AND EVOLUTION OF TOURISM INDUSTRY IN INDIA Hindi Film is the key part of the Indian film industry. It is used to refer the Hindi film industry in India. The term is often misunderstood as the whole of Indian cinema but it is only a part of the Indian film industry. Hindi Film Industry is the largest film producer in India and one of the largest in the world. Hindi Film Industry is one the most recognized film industry in the world with reach in diverse regions like Britain, U.S, Japan, Nepal, Canada and various parts of the world. The Raja Harishchandra was 1st silent movie prepared in India. In 1920 approximately 30 films were prepared by Indian film industry, while this number increases to approximately 200 films in 1930. In 21st century approximately 100 films are being prepared yearly by the Indian film industry. In 1940s Indian film industries have artists like Dilip Kumar Prithviraj Kapoor. This period is pre-independent India. In this era many filmmakers made patriotic films. In 1950s era was conquered by big and memorable artists like Ashok Kumar Raj Kapoor, Dev Anand, Guru Dut Meena Kumari. During this era humour also started making its way in the Film Industry as Kishore Kumars Chalti Ka Naam Gadi. In 1957, Mother India became the leading Indian movie to accomplish the Oscars in the top overseas Film category. In 1960s urban India was left in the wake of India being looked upon as a growing nation. Development of law order in the nation was the need of the hour thus films like Kanoon Kala Bazaar dealt with this subject. In 1970s decade was mostly dominated by artists like Amitabh Bachchan, Rajesh Khanna, Jaya Bhaduri, Hema Malini, Manoj Kumar. Films like Mera Naam Joker, Seeta Aur Geeta, Aur Paschim Anand are a few of the most important films of this era. It was in this period that Amitabh Bachchan got the title of Angry Young Man of Indian film industry. This era also saw the western influence on the Indian society with films like Purab Aur Paschim. In 1980s during this decade the impression of Angry Young Man continued as plenty of films were prepared showing one man aggressive against the injustices of the society. This era also saw some other enormous artists like sridevi, Madhuri dixit, Anil Kapoor, Aamir khan, Rishi Kapoor, Vinod khanna, salman khan. Films in this era are Namkeen, namak Halal, Chasme baddoor, The Burning Train Mr India. In 1990s this decade with bits and pieces of comedy films, war films and films based on life in underworld contributing to the victory of many artists. Salman khan, Shahrukh Khan, Kajol Priety Zinta, Akshay Kumar conquered the Hindi Film Industry in this decade. In 2000s entry of Hrithik Roshan, Aishwariya Rai, Abhishek Bachchan, sonam Kapoor Ranbir Kapoor continues as this decade is coming to an end. This decade saw lots of films being made on issues of terrorism. Films like Monsoon Wedding and Bollywood Hollywood appealed the NRI audience who are increasing in numbers day by day. Thus a new concept of Hinglish cinema became popular among the young generation. Films like Lage Raho Munnabhai, Lagaan, Gadar Ek Prem Katha, Dil Chahta Hai, Devdas, Taare Zameen Par, Ghajini are some of the memorable movies of this decade. This decade would be remembered for A.R. Rehman who received an Oscar in the early2009. PRODUCT PROFILE 3D films Television Amateur Films   Artists film and video   Animation Films Corporate and Promotional Films   Documentaries  Films Fiction Films Educational Films  Ã‚   Political and Campaigning Films   3D films 3D  is  motion picture  that enhances the  reality  of  deepness view. Resulting from  stereoscopic  shooting, a normal motion picture camera system is used to trace the photos as seen from 2 perspectives unique projection hardware eyewear are used to present the reality of deepness when viewing the film. Chota Chetan was the 1st Indian 3D film. The movie was made in 1984. Chota Chetan was a massive box office achievement and earned approximately Rs 60 crore in 1984-85. The film also wins the Presidents Gold Medal. Television A number of the collections collect local and national television broadcast material. This can contain original film and video master objects as well as off-air tape recordings of the programmes as they were relay. Amateur films This type of film generally shot on  16 mm film  until the arrival of cheap  cameras. The introduction of  digital computer based editing significantly extended the technical value achievable by the low-budget filmmaker. Artists film and video Since the early on days, artists film-makers have used the moving image to discover places, ideas, and the nature of the moving image itself by using both new traditional techniques. Animation Films Animation  is the quick display of a cycle of images to make a  reality  of progress. The mainly ordinary way of presenting animation is as a video, though there are other ways. This kind of appearance is typically accomplished with projector, camera and computer screens which can quickly rotation through images in a chain Corporate and Promotional Films   Corporate video  creation refers to  corporate communications  objects specially made for a use by a corporation, company organization. A corporate video is frequently planned for a definite reason in a corporate viewed only by targeted viewers. Documentary films Documentary films  represent a large variety of  non fictional  movement pictures  planned to  document  a few part of truth, mostly for the purposes of education historical record. Fictional Film Fictional film  is a film that tells an  imaginary story or occasion. In this manner of pictures, realistic narratives and characters facilitate influence the audience that the relating invented story is real. Educational film An  educational film  is a  film whose main reason is to  inform. Educational films have been used in many kinds of teaching method. Political and Campaigning Films Lots of political organizations have used the film and videos to support their foundation. Films comprise images of demonstrations mutually regionally and nationwide, as well as films issues such as war housing from the viewpoint of exacting political groups. DEMAND DETERMINATION OF THE INDUSTRY The common determinants demand are, prices of a substitute, prices of a complementary, Utility from it, ability to pay, Price of a goods etc. The demand determinations of film industry are as follows Individual factors It includes consumption patterns experiential motivation Films are experimental goods that customers engage in for enjoyment and fun which means that hedonic worth is the key object for the film know-how, whereas practical motives play an additional role. Thus active viewers consume films for aim-directed purpose. For some people, movement movies are more than just one more form of entertainment through which one can spend in the company of friends. Elements such as the market share of India and domestic films, the top ten box-office admissions and the per capita admissions may give us with an general image of the individuals preference in the demand for a certain kind of film. Industry-related factors It includes marketing production distribution. Marketing Value can simply be evaluated in terms of the spending experience, constant information regarding a film is obtainable prior to procure, the quality of movies can be assessed by customers simply when watching them. While box-office information responds to a mixture of motivation and wider promotion, we also require understanding the choice of a certain film over one more. For observed products, such as films, customers search for two kinds of information: observed and non-observed sources, television advertisement are experiential sources; they give a possibility to attempt the movie. Friends who have seen the movie can explain it and are hence another observed basis. Production The market achievement of film can be estimated to be influenced by the customers appraisal of a film worth. Worth, however, is hard to determine prior to viewing, consequently, audiences can understand production budgets as signals of a film high worth. Distribution Indian film producers were the primary to descend endogenous expenses into large-scale promotion distribution which meant that Bollywood became and has remained relatively more capable at serving mass markets than movie clusters in extra large movie producing countries. Cultural Social factors It includes social cultural status, occupation and Education Social factors such as earnings, education, and profession are probable to comprise significant predictors of the demand for a definite type of films. With value to our conceptualization of movies demand, we rely on the common proposition that little cultural capital customers favor entertainment that is fewer demanding in the difficulties it poses, while the taste of customers with superior cultural wealth. PLAYERS IN THE INDUSTRY Company market share (in %) Yash Raj Films 36 Aamir Khan Productions 16 Red Chillies Entertainment 12 Dharma Productions 4 UTV Motion Pictures 4 Reliance Entertainment 3 Eros International 3 T-Series 3 Vinod Chopra Productions 2 Vishesh Films 1 Yash Raj Films Yash Raj Films is an Indian film company established by Yash Chopra, an Indian film director and filmmaker who was considered a movie mogul in country. Yash chopra is son of Aditya Chopra also made films under the banner of yash raj films. Aamir Khan Productions Aamir Khan Productions was established in 1999 by film actor Aamir Khan with the purpose of making the movie Lagaan. The film was released in 2001. The movie was together a key critical and commercial achievement, and was chosen for the 74th Academy Awards in the greatest Foreign Language movie class. Red Chillies Entertainment RCE is an Indian motion picture making and supply company, located in Mumbai. The company was established in 2004 by film actor Gauri Khan Shahrukh Khan. Dharma Productions Dharma Productions PLtd. is an Indian motion picture making and supply company, located in Mumbai. The company was established by Yash Johar in 1976. It is now running by his son Karan Johar subsequent to the death of the yash johar in 2004 UTV Motion Pictures UTV Motion Pictures is a completely owned supplementary of UTV Software Communications Ltd., located in London films and entertainment making company. Reliance Entertainment Reliance Entertainment also known as Reliance BIG Entertainment and entirely owned subsidiary of the Anil Dhirubhai Ambani Group conduct its film and entertainment industry. Eros International Eros International is an Indian motion picture making and supply company, located in Mumbai. The company was established by Ramraj Nahta in 1977. It is a top worldwide corporation in the Indian film entertainment industry. Other players are Vinod Chopra Productions, T-Series , Vishesh Films, Excel Entertainment, Balaji Motion Pictures, Shree Ashtavinayak Cine Vision Ltd, Illuminati Films, Prakash Jha Productions, Fox Star Studios, Nadiadwala Grandson Entertainment, Filmkraft Productions, Ashutosh Gowariker Productions, Vishal Bhardwaj Pictures KEY ISSUES AND CURRENT TRENDS Indian film industry over the earlier few years has been open towards foreign investments. This has cemented way for lots of international production firms to construct their entrance in Bollywood along with chance their offices in the India. As per FICC report, Indian movie industry is value $ 2.11 billion and is probable to observer a 9.1 percent growth till 2013. Worlds major film business in terms of making volume is undergoing a enormous international company with Reliance ADA Group signing a production deal with DreamWorks Studios, authorized by Steven Speilberg, a glowing Hollywood director, to create movies with the preliminary venture of US$ 825 million. Subsequent the lines, Yash Raj Films have signed joint partnerships with Walt Disney, to make animated movies. S. Leela Bansali Films partnership with Sony Pictures Entertainment and TV 18 association with Viacom to form Viacom-18. Adlabs has emerged as the only film chain in India given that 3D and 6D formats and PVR is all set to impart approximately $ 52.2 million to raise its film creation and bowling operation in India. RECENT CHALLENGES India has the worlds major film industry in terms of the quantity of movies produced 1000 films yearly, frequently in the Hindi language. Nowadays, the technology of movie-making in India is possibly the best among all developing nations while the films themselves stay typically repetitive in story line and comfortable. The financing outline, centered on distributors, is supposed to have distorted since the 1960s when the studio classification collapsed and self-employed performers emerged. This gave grow to the star system in which actor ceased to have lasting contractual obligations towards any film manufacture. Relatively, they began to work as freelancers unassailable fees in part to the box office performance of their new films. This enlarged costs of film production since the extra successful actors hogged key proportions of the producers funds. Film production consequently became a risky business and the affiliation with various lenders strengthens more than the years. A low finances Hindi film can be completed for even as low as Rs. 15 million. A big finances movie can cost in surplus of $30 million. India has a National Film Development Corporation which investments some of films. NFDC cannot be measured to play a vital role in the film industry since it finances else few movies which, too, are not of the kind that has prepared the Indian film industry so exciting. PESTLE ANALYSIS POLITICAL ANALYSIS Factors are how a government intervenes in the nation. Particularly, political factors comprise labour law, tax policy, environmental policy, trade boundaries, tariffs, political constancy. Government Support With compared to governments in other nations efforts by the government of India to encourage the film industry have been very nominal. Government Initiatives A SEZ is going to be constructed in Thiruvananthapuram exclusively for the film animation industry. The Film Video Park made an excellent start when the Chennai-based Prasad Labs has made it its base to development every Malayalam movies for the subsequently two years. The government cans supplementary support investments participation in the film industry by providing tax benefits. ECONOMIC ANALYSIS Factors comprise economic enlargement, exchange rates, interest rate inflation rates. These factors have key impacts on how businesses work and formulate decisions. Indias benefit in low costs has been exploited by lots of multinational production studios. The arrival of digital film coincided with the liberalization of the Indian economy and India open the remuneration of lower production costs, strong innovative and scientific skills and a large English talking people. This has led to the growth of state of the films art in some Indian cities by the way of collaborating with international entertainment companies. Indian film making firms cannot match their western counterparts in financial power. It is pointed out that state help in the form of tax holidays is crucial for success in the film making business. SOCIAL ANALYSIS Factors comprise the cultural aspects contain health awareness, population expansion rate, age allocation and safety. There is huge demand from this part of Indian population for a new medium that facilitate information communication sharing, while at the similar time, being simply available to the masses via the TV. Products of interactive medium and film can plug this demand gap to a huge degree; they can be vast tools for education, awareness entertainment between rural and urban areas illiterates in India. India can contribute in a more major way in the international films market, provided the country has built up essential manpower, with the related know-how, to fuel its growth. India has the probable to grow its film industry to approximately $ 1 billion in 2010, but will remain limited to $ 869 million on description of a scary demand-supply gap in the area of employable resources. TECHNOLOGICAL ANALYSIS Factors comprise environmental ecological aspects, such as RD, computerization, new technology and the velocity of technological alteration. Indias film industry is growing at an amazing speed, the fact remains that this increases is mainly a result of the growing of studios for hire. The film industry is still youthful. The booming film outsourcing industry is continually demanding new skills new infusion of talent into the industry. Education in latest media has to be embedded into the normal curriculum. Students have to understand that they can have a profitable career as film maker or actor, the governments as well as institutions have to establish programmes for their career progress. LEGAL ANALYSIS Factors comprise prejudice law, consumer law, employment law, antitrust law, safety law. Outsourcers have forever been afraid with the defense of their intellectual property in India. India is unsuccessful to take several actions against its violation. India needs to reinforce its intellectual property policy ensure that companies working in the outsourcing area take strict steps to take care of client intellectual property rights. ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS Factors comprise climate, weather its change, which may particularly influence industries such as farming, tourism, insurance. Furthermore, rising consciousness to climate change is affecting how companies works products they offer. Indian firms are facing a talent scarcity which influences their capacity to degree up their operations based on client demand. This also affects the client assurance in off shoring large chunks of work. Though Indian companies have set in place vast expansion tactics, these are often flawed by different reasons. Tie-ups with educational institutes are serving overcome this complexity.

O.B Case Studies

|VALUES, ATTITUDES, AND JOB SATISFACTION | LEARNING OBJECTIVES After studying this chapter, students should be able to: 1. Contrast terminal and instrumental values 2. List the dominant values in today’s workforce 3. Identify the five value dimensions of national culture 4. Contrast the three components of an attitude 5. Summarize the relationship between attitudes and behavior 6. Identify the role that consistency plays in attitudes 7. State the relationship between job satisfaction and behavior 8.Identify four employee responses to dissatisfaction CHAPTER OVERVIEW Why is it important to know an individual’s values? Although they do not have a direct impact on behavior, values strongly influence a person’s attitudes. Knowledge of an individual’s value system can provide insight into his/her attitudes. Given that people’s values differ, managers can use the Rokeach Value Survey to assess potential employees and determine if their values align with the dominant values of the organization. An employee’s performance and satisfaction are likely to be higher if his/her values fit well with the organization.For instance, the person who places high importance on imagination, independence, and freedom is likely to be poorly matched with an organization that seeks conformity from its employees. Managers are more likely to appreciate, evaluate positively, and allocate rewards to employees who â€Å"fit in,† and employees are more likely to be satisfied if they perceive that they do fit. This argues for management to strive during the selection of new employees to find job candidates who not only have the ability, experience, and motivation to perform, but also a value system that is ompatible with the organization’s. Managers should be interested in their employees’ attitudes because attitudes give warnings of potential problems and because they influence behavior. Satisfied and committed employees, for inst ance, have lower rates of turnover and absenteeism. Given that managers want to keep resignations and absences down—especially among their more productive employees—they will want to do those things that will generate positive job attitudes.Managers should also be aware that employees will try to reduce cognitive dissonance. More importantly, dissonance can be managed. If employees are required to engage in activities that appear inconsistent to them or are at odds with their attitudes, the pressures to reduce the resulting dissonance are lessened when the employee perceives that the dissonance is externally imposed and is beyond his/her control or if the rewards are significant enough to offset the dissonance. WEB EXERCISESAt the end of each chapter of this instructor’s manual, you will find suggested exercises and ideas for researching the WWW on OB topics. The exercises â€Å"Exploring OB Topics on the Web† are set up so that you can simply photocopy t he pages, distribute them to your class, make assignments accordingly. You may want to assign the exercises as an out-of-class activity or as lab activities with your class. Within the lecture notes the graphic will note that there is a WWW activity to support this material.The chapter opens introducing Marge Savage, a Microsoft marketing analyst who is gathering information about the â€Å"Nexters† generation—people born after 1977. They are the first group of people to never know a world without computers and the Internet. She found that this group values integrity, teamwork, moral support, responsibility, and freedom to pursue their dreams. They want to work for a company that supports their needs, and where they can have significant influence in shaping society.They see technology and the Internet as a major force for changing the world—good news for Microsoft. CHAPTER OUTLINE |Values |Notes: | |Values represent basic convictions that â€Å"a specific mode of conduct or end-state of existence is personally or | | |socially preferable to an opposite or converse mode of conduct or end-state of existence. | | | | | |There is a judgmental element of what is right, good, or desirable. | | | | | |Values have both content and intensity attributes. | | | | |The content attribute says that a mode of conduct or end-state of existence is important. | | |The intensity attribute specifies how important it is. | | |Ranking an individual’s values in terms of their intensity equals that person’s value system. | | | | |Values are not generally fluid and flexible. They tend to be relatively stable and enduring. | | | | | |A significant portion of the values we hold is established in our early years—from parents, teachers, friends, | | |and others. | |The process of questioning our values, of course, may result in a change, but more often, our questioning acts | | |to reinforce the values we hold. | | |A. Importance of Values | | |1.Values lay the foundation for the understanding of attitudes and motivation because they influence our | | |perceptions. | | | | | |2. Individuals enter organizations with notions of what is right and wrong with which they interpret behaviors| | |or outcomes—at times this can cloud objectivity and rationality. | | | | |3. Values generally influence attitudes and behavior. | | |B. Types of Values | | |1.Rokeach Value Survey (Exhibit 3-1) | | | | | |It consists of two sets of values, with each set containing 18 individual value items. | | |One set—terminal values—refers to desirable end-states of existence, the goals that a person would like to | | |achieve during his/her lifetime. | |The other—instrumental values—refers to preferable modes of behavior, or means of achieving the terminal values. | | | | | | | | |2. Several studies confirm that the RVS values vary among groups. | | | | |People in the same occupations or categories t end to hold similar values. | | |Contemporary Work Cohorts | | |1.The unique value of different cohorts is that the U. S. workforce can be segmented by the era they entered | | |the workforce. (Exhibit 3-3) | | |Contemporary Work Cohorts (cont. ) |Notes: | |2.Veterans—Workers who entered the workforce from the early 1940s through the early 1960s | | |Influenced by the Great Depression and World War II | | |Believe in hard work | | |Tend to be loyal to their employer | | |Terminal values: Comfortable life and family security | | | | | |3. Boomers—Employees who entered the workforce during the 1960s through the mid-1980s | | | | | |Influenced heavily by John F.Kennedy, the civil rights and feminist movements, the Beatles, the Vietnam War, | | |and baby-boom competition | | |Distrust authority, but have a high emphasis on achievement and material success | | |Organizations who employ them are vehicles for their careers | | |Terminal values: sense of accomplishment and social recognition | | | | | |4.Xers—began to enter the workforce from the mid-1980s | | | | | |Shaped by globalization, two-career parents, MTV, AIDS, and computers | | |Value flexibility, life options, and achievement of job satisfaction | | |Family and relationships are important and enjoy team-oriented work | | |Money is important, but will trade off for increased leisure time | | |Less willing to make personal sacrifices for employers than previous generations | | |Terminal values: true friendship, happiness, and pleasure | | | | | |5. Nexters—most recent entrants into the workforce. | | | | |Grew up in prosperous times, have high expectation, believe in themselves, and confident in their ability to | | |succeed | | |Never-ending search for ideal job; see nothing wrong with job-hopping | | |Seek financial success | | |Enjoy team work, but are highly self-reliant | | |Terminal values: freedom and comfortable life | | | | | |Individuals’ values dif fer, but tend to reflect the societal values of the period in which they grew up. This | | |can be a valuable aid in explaining and predicting behavior. Employees in their 60s, for instance, are more | | |likely to accept authority than coworkers 15 years younger. | | | | | |7. Workers under 35 are more likely than the other groups to balk at having to work overtime or weekends, | | |and are more prone to leave a job in mid-career to pursue another that provides more leisure time. | | | | OB IN THE NEWS – American Workers Rethink Priorities Values are relatively permanent, but dramatic shocks can realign them. For example, the terrorists’ attacks on September 11 may have significantly reprioritized many Americans’ values. The initial response to the terrorist attacks for many people was a reevaluation of choices related to jobs, family, and career success. In some cases, this led to a rethinking of career paths, cutting back on grueling schedules, and deciding to pursue work that might pay less but seem more meaningful.For instance, in California, young workers who once talked of dot-com millions are now asking: â€Å"Is it worth it? † Some employees appear less concerned about putting in face time, making deadlines, and getting on the fast track. They seem more concerned about family and worry less about time at the office. CEOs say some of their employees are talking more earnestly about work/life balance, mortality, and other questions once considered taboo in the office. Said one consultant, â€Å"The event de-emphasized what most people value—the money and the luxuries. People are questioning what’s really important; they’re questioning work. It’s happening across the board. † It has now been more than a year since the terrorist attacks on New York and Washington D. C.That provides a more meaningful perspective on whether this event has had long-term implications on workplace values, or whet her any reprioritizing was merely a knee-jerk reaction to a traumatic event, followed by a return to â€Å"business as usual. † Do you think a significant portion of Americans have permanently reprioritized their values as a result of 9-11? Class Exercise: 1. Have students break into small groups to discuss the question: â€Å"Do you think a significant portion of Americans have permanently reprioritized their values as a result of 9-11? † Ask them to list examples of why or why not they think the way they do. 2. As a class, share what was discussed in the small groups. 3. Ask if they think America’s values have changed, or were they just reawakened? 4.Ask if they think organizations’ values have changed or reprioritized as a result of the events. 5. Ask them to relate this question to themselves. Have they reprioritized their lives as a result of the 9-11 events? (They may not want to share this information with the entire class—its purpose is jus t to get them thinking. ) |A. Values, Loyalty, and Ethical Behavior |Notes: | |Many people think there has been a decline in business ethics since the late 1970s. The four-stage model of | | |work cohort values might explain this perception. Exhibit 3-2) | | | | | |Managers consistently report the action of bosses as the most important factor influencing ethical and unethical| | |behavior in the organization. | | | | | |Through the mid-1970s, the managerial ranks were dominated by Veterans whose loyalty was to their employer; | | |their decisions were made in terms of what was best for the employer. | | | | |Boomers entered the workforce at this time and by the 1990’s had risen into the majority of management | | |positions. Loyalty was to their careers. Self-centered values would be consistent with a decline in ethical | | |values. Did this really happen? | | | | | |Recent entrants to the workforce—Xers—are now moving into middle management. Loyalty is to relationships, | | |therefore they may be more likely to consider the ethical implications of their actions on others around them. | |Instructor Note: At this point in the lecture you may want to introduce the Ethical Dilemma: Is it a Bribe or a Gift? Exercise found in the text. The purpose of the exercise is to provide the opportunity for students to understand that ethical situations are not always black or white and must be given consideration as business decisions are made. |B. Values Across Cultures |Notes: | |Values differ across cultures, therefore, understanding these differences helps to explain and to predict | | |behavior of employees from different countries.One of the most widely referenced approaches for analyzing | | |variations among cultures has been done by Geert Hofstede. | | | | | |Hofstede’s A framework for assessing cultures; five value dimensions of national culture (Exhibit 3-4): | | | | | |a.Power distance: | | | | | |The degree to which people i n a country accept that power in institutions and organizations is distributed | | |unequally. | | | | | |Individualism versus collectivism: | | | | |Individualism is the degree to which people in a country prefer to act as individuals rather than as members of | | |groups. | | |Collectivism equals low individualism. | | | | | |Quantity of life versus quality of life: | | | | | |Quantity of life is the degree to which values such as assertiveness, the acquisition of money and material | | |goods, and competition prevail. | |Quality of life is the degree to which people value relationships and show sensitivity and concern for the | | |welfare of others. | | | | | |Uncertainty avoidance: | | | | | |The degree to which people in a country prefer structured over unstructured situations. | | | | |Long-term versus short-term orientation: | | | | | |Long-term orientations look to the future and value thrift and persistence. | | |Short-term orientation values the past and present and emphasizes respect for tradition and fulfilling social | | |obligations. | | | | |Conclusions: | | | | | |Asian countries were more collectivist than individualistic. US ranked highest on individualism. German and | | |Hong Kong ranked highest on quality of life; Russia and The Netherlands were low. China and Hong Kong had a | | |long-term orientation; France and US were low. | | | | |3. Hofstede’s work is the basic framework for assessing cultures. However, it is nearly 30 years old. In | | |1993, the Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness (GLOBE) has begun updating this research | | |with date from 825 organizations and 62 countries. | | | | | |a.GLOBE Framework for Assessing Cultures: | | | | | |Assertiveness: The extent to which a society encourages people to be tough, confrontational, assertive, and | | |competitive versus modest and tender | | | | |Future Orientation: The extent to which a society encourages and rewards future-oriented b ehaviors such as | | |planning, investing in the future and delaying gratification | | | | | |Gender differentiation: The extent to which a society maximized gender role differences | | |Values Across Cultures (cont. |Notes: | | | | |Uncertainly avoidance: Society’s reliance on social norms and procedures to alleviate the unpredictability of | | |future events | | | | | |Power distance: The degree to which members of a society expect power to be unequally shared | | | | | |Individualism/Collectivism: The degree to which individuals are encouraged by societal institutions to be | | |integrated into groups within organizations and society | | | | | |In-group collectivism: The extent to which society’s members take pride in membership in small groups such as | | |their families and circles of close friends, and the organizations where they are employed | | | | | Performance orientation: The degree to which society encourages and rewards group members for performance | | |improvement and excellence | | | | | |Humane orientation: The degree to which a society encourages and rewards individuals for being fair, | | |altruistic, generous, caring, and kind to others | | | | | |b. Conclusion: The GLOBE study had extended Hofstede’s work rather than replaced it. It confirms Hofstede’s | | |five dimensions are still valid and provides updated measures of where countries are on each dimension. For | | |example, the U. S. in the 70s led the world in individualism—today, it is in the mid-ranks of countries. | |Instructor Note: At this point in the lecture you may want to introduce the Team Exercise: Challenges in Negotiating with Chinese Executives found in the text. The purpose of this exercise is to give the students an opportunity to develop awareness of how to effectively work with another culture when doing business. |C. Implications for OB | | |Americans have developed organizational behavior within domestic contexts—mor e than 80 percent of the articles | | |published in journals were by Americans. | | | | |Follow-up studies continue to confirm the lack of cross-cultural considerations in management and OB research. | | |From a cultural perspective this means: | | | | | |Not all OB theories and concepts are universally applicable. | |You should take into consideration cultural values when trying to understand the behavior of people in different| | |countries. | | |Attitudes | | |Attitudes are evaluative statements that are either favorable or unfavorable concerning objects, people, or | | |events. | | | | | |Attitudes are not the same as values, but the two are interrelated. | | | | |Three components of an attitude: | | | | | |Cognition | | |Affect | | |Behavior | | | | |The belief that â€Å"discrimination is wrong† is a value statement and an example of the cognitive component of an | | |attitude. | | |Attitudes (cont. ) |Notes: | |Value statements set the stage for the more critical part of an attitude—its affective component. Affect is the | | |emotional or feeling segment of an attitude. Example: â€Å"I don’t like Jon because he discriminates again | | |minorities. | | | | | |The behavioral component of an attitude refers to an intention to behave in a certain way toward someone or | | |something. Example: â€Å"I chose to avoid Jon because he discriminates. † | | | | | |Viewing attitudes as made up of three components helps with understanding of the potential relationship between | | |attitudes and behavior, however, when we refer to attitude essentially we mean the affect part of the three | | |components. | | | | |In contrast to values, your attitudes are less stable. Advertisements are directed at changing your attitudes | | |and are often successful. | | | | | |In organizations, attitudes are important because they affect job behavior. | | |A. Types of Attitudes | | |OB focuses our attention on a very limited number o f job-related attitudes.Most of the research in OB has been |Notes: | |concerned with three attitudes: job satisfaction, job involvement, and organizational commitment. | | | | | |Job satisfaction | | | | | |Definition: It is an individual’s general attitude toward his/her job. | | | | |A high level of job satisfaction equals positive attitudes toward the job and vice versa. | | | | | |Employee attitudes and job satisfaction are frequently used interchangeably. | | | | | |Often when people speak of â€Å"employee attitudes† they mean â€Å"employee job satisfaction. | | | | | |Job involvement | | | | | |A workable definition: the measure of the degree to which a person identifies psychologically with his/her job | | |and considers his/her perceived performance level important to self-worth. | | | | | |High levels of job involvement is thought to result in fewer absences and lower resignation rates. | | | | | |Job involvement more consistently predicts turnover than absenteeism. | | | | |Organizational commitment | | | | | |Definition: A state in which an employee identifies with a particular organization and its goals, and wishes to| | |maintain membership in the organization. | | | | |Research evidence demonstrates negative relationships between organizational commitment and both absenteeism and| | |turnover. | | | | | |An individual’s level of organizational commitment is a better indicator of turnover than the far more | | |frequently used job satisfaction predictor because it is a more global and enduring response to the organization| | |as a whole than is job satisfaction. | | | | |This evidence, most of which is more than two decades old, needs to be qualified to reflect the changing | | |employee-employer relationship. | | |A. Types of Attitudes (cont. ) |Notes: | |Organizational commitment is probably less important as a job-related attitude than it once was because the | | |unwritten â€Å"loyalty† contract i n place when this research was conducted is no longer in place. | | | | |In its place, we might expect â€Å"occupational commitment† to become a more relevant variable because it better | | |reflects today’s fluid workforce. | | Instructor Note: At this point in the lecture you may want to introduce the exercise Point-Counter Point: Mangers Can Create Satisfied Employees exercise found in the text. The purpose of the exercise is to replace popularly held notions with research-based conclusions. |B. Attitudes and Consistency |Notes: | |People sometimes change what they say so it does not contradict what they do. | | | | |Research has generally concluded that people seek consistency among their attitudes and between their attitudes | | |and their behavior. | | | | | |Individuals seek to reconcile divergent attitudes and align their attitudes and behavior so they appear rational| | |and consistent. | | | | |When there is an inconsistency, forces are initiated to return the individual to an equilibrium state where | | |attitudes and behavior are again consistent, by altering either the attitudes or the behavior, or by developing | | |a rationalization for the discrepancy. | | |C. Cognitive Dissonance Theory | | |Leon Festinger, in the late 1950s, proposed the theory of cognitive dissonance, seeking to explain the linkage | | |between attitudes and behavior. He argued that any form of inconsistency is uncomfortable and that individuals | | |will attempt to reduce the dissonance. | | | | |Dissonance means â€Å"an inconsistency. † | | | | | |Cognitive dissonance refers to â€Å"any incompatibility that an individual might perceive between two or more of | | |his/her attitudes, or between his/her behavior and attitudes. | | | | | |No individual can completely avoid dissonance. | | | | | |The desire to reduce dissonance would be determined by: | | | | | |The importance of the elements creating the dissonance. | | |The degree of infl uence the individual believes he/she has over the elements. | | |The rewards that may be involved in dissonance. | | | | |Importance: If the elements creating the dissonance are relatively unimportant, the pressure to correct this | | |imbalance will be low. | | | | | |Influence: If the dissonance is perceived as an uncontrollable result, they are less likely to be receptive to | | |attitude change. While dissonance exists, it can be rationalized and justified. | | | | |Rewards: The inherent tension in high dissonance tends to be reduced with high rewards. | | | | | |Moderating factors suggest that individuals will not necessarily move to reduce dissonance—or consistency. | | |C. Cognitive Dissonance Theory (cont. ) |Notes: | |Organizational implications | | | | |Greater predictability of the propensity to engage in attitude and behavioral change | | |The greater the dissonance—after it has been moderated by importance, choice, and rewards factors—the gr eater | | |the pressures to reduce it. | | |D. Measuring the A-B Relationship | | |Early research on attitudes and common sense assumed a causal relationship to behavior. In the late 1960s, this| | |assumed relationship between attitudes and behavior (A-B) was challenged. Recent research has demonstrated that| | |attitudes significantly predict future behavior. | | | | |The most powerful moderators: | | | | | |Importance | | |Specificity | | |Accessibility | | |Social pressures | | |Direct experience | | | | | |Importance: Reflects fundamental values, self-interest, or identification with individuals or groups that a | | |person values. | | | | | |Specificity: The more specific the attitude and the more specific the behavior, the stronger the link between | | |the two. | | | | |Accessibility: Attitudes that are easily remembered are more likely to predict behavior than attitudes that are | | |not accessible in memory. | | | | | |Social pressures: Discrepancies between att itudes and behavior are more likely to occur where social pressures | | |to behave in certain ways hold exceptional power. | | | | |Direct experience: The attitude-behavior relationship is likely to be much stronger if an attitude refers to an | | |individual’s direct personal experience. | | |E. Self-perception theory | | |Researchers have achieved still higher correlations by pursuing whether or not behavior influences attitudes. | | | | |Self-perception theory argues that attitudes are used to make sense out of an action that has already occurred | | |rather than devices that precede and guide action. Example: I’ve had this job for 10 years, no one has forced | | |me to stay, so I must like it! | | | | | |Contrary to cognitive dissonance theory, attitudes are just casual verbal statements; they tend to create | | |plausible answers for what has already occurred. | | | | |While the traditional attitude-behavior relationship is generally positive, the behavior- attitude relationship | | |is stronger particularly when attitudes are vague and ambiguous or little thought has been given to it | | |previously. | | |An Application: Attitude Surveys | | |The most popular method for getting information about employee attitudes is through attitude surveys. See | | |Exhibit 3-5) | | | | | |Using attitude surveys on a regular basis provides managers with valuable feedback on how employees perceive | | |their working conditions. Managers present the employee with set statements or questions to obtain specific | | |information. | | | | |Policies and practices that management views as objective and fair may be seen as inequitable by employees in | | |general or by certain groups of employees and can lead to negative attitudes about the job and the organization. | | | | | |Employee behaviors are often based on perceptions, not reality. Often employees do not have objective data from | | |which to base their perceptions. | | | | |The use of regular attitude surveys can alert management to potential problems and employees’ intentions early | | |so that action can be taken to prevent repercussions. | | |G. Attitudes and Workforce Diversity | | |A survey of U. S. organizations with 100 or more employees found that 47 percent or so of them sponsored some | | |sort of diversity training. | | | | |These diversity programs include a self-evaluation phase where people are pressed to examine themselves and to | | |confront ethnic and cultural stereotypes they might hold. This is followed by discussion with people from | | |diverse groups. | | | | | |Additional activities designed to change attitudes nclude arranging for people to do volunteer work in | | |community or social service centers in order to meet face to face with individuals and groups from diverse | | |backgrounds, and using exercises that let participants feel what it is like to be different. | | |Job Satisfaction | | |Measuring Job Satisfaction | | |Job satisfa ction is â€Å"an individual’s general attitude toward his/her job. | | | | | |Jobs require interaction with co-workers and bosses, following organizational rules and policies, meeting | | |performance standards, living with working conditions that are often less than ideal, and the like. This means | | |that an employee’s assessment of how satisfied or dissatisfied he or she is with his/her job is a complex | | |summation of a number of discrete job elements. | | | | |The two most widely used approaches are a single global rating and a summation score made up of a number of job | | |facets. | | | | | |a. The single global rating method is nothing more than asking individuals to respond to one question, such as| | |â€Å"All things considered, how satisfied are you with your job? | | |Measuring Job Satisfaction (cont. ) |Notes: | | A summation of job facets is more sophisticated: | | | | | |It identifies key elements in a job and asks for the employee’s feelings about each one ranked on a standardized| | |scale. | | | | |Typical factors that would be included are the nature of the work, supervision, present pay, promotion | | |opportunities, and relations with co-workers. | | | | | |Comparing these approaches, simplicity seems to work as well as complexity. Comparisons of one-question global | | |ratings with the summation-of-job-factors method indicate both are valid. | |How Satisfied Are People in Their Jobs? | | |Most people are satisfied with their jobs in the developed countries surveyed. | | | | | |However, there has been a decline in job satisfaction since the early 1990s. In the US nearly an eight percent | | |drop in the 90s. Surprisingly those last years were one’s of growth and economic expansion. | | | | |What factors might explain the decline despite growth: | | | | | |Increased productivity through heavier employee workloads and tighter deadlines | | |Employees feeling they have less control over thei r work | | | | | |While some segments of the market are more satisfied than others, they tend to be higher paid, higher skilled | | |jobs which gives workers more control and challenges. | | Instructor Note: At this point in the lecture you may want to introduce the exercise found in the MYTH OR SCIENCE: How Satisfied Are People in Their Jobs? box found in the text.The purpose of the exercise is to replace popularly held notions with research-based conclusions. MYTH OR SCIENCE? – â€Å"Happy Workers Are Productive Workers† This statement is generally false. The myth that â€Å"happy workers are productive workers† developed in the 1930s and 1940s, due to the Hawthorne studies at Western Electric. A careful review of the research indicates that, if there is a positive relationship between happiness (i. e. , satisfaction) and productivity, the correlations are low; no more than two percent of the variance in output can be accounted for by employee satisfaction. The evidence, however, is for the reverse—productive workers are likely to be happy workers.That is, productivity leads to satisfaction rather than the other way around. If the organization rewards productivity, these rewards, in turn, increase your level of satisfaction with the job. Class Exercise 1. Brainstorm with students about situations where they knew workers/employees were unhappy with the company or their jobs, but still did a reasonably good job. Perhaps have them share insights into their own feelings about their school, or a particular class they disliked but still tried very hard. 2. Discuss why someone who is unhappy with his/her job might work hard at it and do good work. 3. Why would someone who is happy with his/her job not perform at a higher level than the disgruntled worker? 4.Students should come to realize that most effort comes from internal drive, not external motivation. As a result, a highly internally motivated individual might perform well in any circumstance whereas his/her organizational environment would not positively affect a non-internally motivated individual. |C. The Effect of Job Satisfaction on Employee Performance |Notes: | |Managers’ interest in job satisfaction tends to center on its effect on employee performance. Much research has| | |been done on the impact of job satisfaction on employee productivity, absenteeism, and turnover. | | | | |Satisfaction and productivity: